The Backstories of the First Testament

Chaos Monsters CoverThe Return of the Chaos Monsters and Other Backstories of the Bible
by Gregory Mobley
Wm. B. Eerdmanns Pub. Co. (2012)

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One of the liveliest, most intriguing and insightful books you will read on the Hebrew Bible is Gregory Mobley’s The Return of the Chaos Monsters.

For some reason, perhaps because of our view of “inspiration,” many Christians (including myself) have had the idea at one time or another that the people of Israel were so distinct from their neighbors that the Bible they wrote is some kind of supra-cultural document, uninfluenced by the stories of the world around them. To the contrary, Gregory Mobley shows the dynamic interplay that existed between the Jews and the narrative universe in which they lived, describing the “backstories”  or “metanarratives” in their thought world that lie behind and percolate through the narratives of Scripture.

This book is about the stories in the Bible and the stories behind the Bible and how the Bible is essentially, relentlessly story. This book is about seven basic stories – outlined above – that the book known to Jews as Tanakh and to Christians as the Old Testament tells as its composers and the ancient communities to whom they spoke wrestled with a single theme: how to make meaning from the chaos of experience, the human condition. (Mobley)

Each backstory that Mobley describes is a variation on a single theme — the dynamic interplay between order and chaos. Mobley takes a “big picture” approach. He looks at the major sections of the Hebrew canon and the major genres which characterize them. These various genres all contribute to an overall story or narrative fabric. His premise is that the Bible is best understood as “wholly narrative, and that most of its individual narratives are variations on seven basic stories, and that all seven of these stories are variations on a single theme: the dynamic interplay of order and chaos.”

The seven backstories are:

  1. God has subdued chaos, just barely. (Creation)
  2. God has given humans an instruction manual for life on planet Earth so they can partner with God in the management of chaos. (Torah)
  3. God has enacted the tough love of moral cause and effect in order to reward fidelity to the instruction manual and to support management of the chaos. (Former Prophets)
  4. God enlists prophets to mediate this dynamic partnership upon which the health of creation depends. (Latter Prophets)
  5. Through praise humans release energy that augments God’s management of chaos; through lament humans report on the quality of God’s management of chaos. (Psalms)
  6. Here and there, humans catch glimpses of the divine design for chaos management; living according to these insights is another expression of the partnership. (Wisdom)
  7. There are times when chaos gains the upper hand and humans in partnership with God can only hope that God is able, as in the beginning, to subdue chaos. (Apocalyptic)

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The Big Picture of the Torah

chagall_museum_nice_abraham
Abraham and the Angels, Chagall

In our studies of the First Testament this month, we will assume the canonical order of the Hebrew Bible, which differs from the order of the books in the Christian Old Testament.

The Hebrew Bible is Tanakh, the three consonants being an acronymn for its three major divisions:

TORAH (“LAW”) 

Genesis

Exodus

Leviticus

Numbers

Deuteronomy

NEVIIM (PROPHETS)

Joshua         Isaiah

Judges         Jeremiah

Samuel        Ezekiel

Kings           The Twelve

 

KETUVIM (WRITINGS)

Psalms       Ecclesiastes     Nehemiah

Job            Lamentations    Chronicles

Proverbs     Esther

Ruth           Daniel

Canticles     Ezra

 

Today we start with a consideration of the big picture of the Torah.

(1) The Torah is to be understood as a single book, a “pentateuch” — a five part scroll with an overall unity. The word “Torah” is often translated “Law,” but this gives an inadequate understanding of what the word means and what the book is like. It is not only (or primarily) a book of legal statutes or moral commandments. Torah is better understood as the teaching of a father. The book contains many different genres of literature, including stories, genealogies, poems, sermons, speeches, liturgical rites, songs, as well as collections of laws, statutes, ordinances and commands. Together, these are designed to inculcate wisdom in those who read and absorb its teachings into their lives.

(2) The Torah is primarily a story, not a book of laws. It tells how God dealt with his people from creation to the end of Moses’ life. The sections of law are part of the story. We learn about the laws God gave to Israel under the Sinai Covenant and why he gave them. We learn how Israel was to live while under these laws and examples of how they actually lived. We find specific commentaries about the law and what it could and could not do for them. The Torah is not a book of law in the sense that it is a manual of rules that we are to follow. It is the account of the people of Israel and the laws God gave them.

That does not mean we have nothing to learn from these laws. They reveal the character of God and provide examples from which we may learn. But we do not live “under” this law. These are the rules of the covenant that God gave to Israel under Moses.

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The Hidden God Revealed

magi bassano
Adoration of the Magi, Bassano

Truly, you are a God who hides himself,
O God of Israel, the Savior. (Isa. 45:15)

No one has ever seen God. It is God the only Son, who is close to the Father’s heart, who has made him known. (John 1:18)

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I love the posture and the expression on the face of the kneeling wise man in Jacopo Bassano’s painting, “The Three Magi” (c. 1562) above. His look of utter incredulity as he leans in to get a closer at the baby Jesus in his Mother’s arms captures the essence of Epiphany. The God who hides himself has made himself known, but in such a strange way! How can it possibly be?

Our God, heaven cannot hold him, nor earth sustain;
heaven and earth shall flee away when he comes to reign.
In the bleak midwinter a stable place sufficed
the Lord God Almighty, Jesus Christ.

(Christina Rosetti, “In the Bleak Midwinter”)

If there is one teaching that American Christians like me need to learn it is that of God’s hiddenness.

In our worship and devotion we are ever and always asking for God to reveal himself to us so that we might see his face, and we forget God’s decree: “you cannot see my face; for no one shall see me and live” (Exodus 33:20). Furthermore, we are ever seeking visible signs of God’s comfort, God’s presence, God’s help, and God’s blessing. How disappointed we are when God hides himself, when where he is and what he does in our world is so puzzling and enigmatic!

Before we think of God revealing himself to us, we must remember that God intentionally hides himself from us.

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iMonk on Interpreting Genesis 1

seven-days-of-creation-i-sushobha-jenner

From To Be or Not to Be?
Everybody thinks I should be a young earth creationist. I’m not. Why?
by Michael Spencer (undated)

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The young earth creationists believe that Genesis 1 is “literally” a description of creation. I do not. It is this simple disagreement that is the cornerstone of my objection.

I believe that Genesis 1 is a pre-scientific description of Creation intended to accent how Yahweh’s relationship with the world stands in stark contrast to the gods of other cultures, most likely those of Babylon. Textual and linguistic evidence convinces me that this chapter was written to be used in a liturgical (worship) setting, with poetic rhythms and responses understood as part of the text. It tells who made the universe in a poetic and pre-scientific way. It is beautiful, inspired and true as God’s Word.

Does it match up with scientific evidence? Who cares?

Here I differ with Hugh Ross and the CRI writers. I do not believe science, history or archaeology of any kind establishes the truthfulness of the scripture in any way. Scripture is true by virtue of God speaking it. If God spoke poetry, or parable, or fiction or a pre-scientific description of creation, it is true without any verification by any human measurement whatsoever. The freedom of God in inspiration is not restricted to texts that can be interpreted “literally” by historical or scientific judges of other ages and cultures beyond the time the scriptures were written.

In my view, both the scientific establishment’s claims to debunk Genesis and the creationists claims to have established Genesis by way of relating the text to science are worthless. Utterly and completely worthless and I will freely admit to being bored the more I hear about it. I react to this much the same I react to people who run in with the Bible and the newspaper showing me how 666 is really the bar code on my credit card…

Does the Bible need to be authorized by scientists or current events to be true? What view of inspiration is it that puts the Bible on trial before the current scientific and historical models? Has anyone noticed what this obsession with literality does to the Bible itself?

The compliment that is paid to the Bible by those who say it is “literally” and scientifically true comes at the expense of an authentic and accurate understanding of the text.

Saturday Ramblings 1.5.13

RamblerIt’s a new year at the iMonastery, but we have the same problem as of old. Scraps gather during the week that we are unable to get to, and we tend to be rather lazy around here and let them pile up until the weekend when you arrive. Then we all rush around with our brooms and dust mops to tidy the place up. We call the scraps “ramblings,” and as today is Saturday, we call it … ok, you don’t need me to hold your hand, do you?

Did you hear the one about the priest who used an iPad in the confessional? No, it’s not a joke. Or, if it is, it’s not a very funny one. Peggy Noonan encountered a priest using an iPad in the confessional in order to share some scriptures. And she was ok with that.

Dan Gilgoff, CNN.com’s religion editor, is leaving to take a job with National Geographic. On his way out the door, Gilgoff offers five things he learned while heading Belief Blog. I have found CNN a great source of news, religion and otherwise. For instance, here is a great post about evangelicals and gun control, and another very good story about hearing God speak to you. CNN, on the whole, offers the most fair and balanced reporting of any news source I reference on a regular basis. Your thoughts?

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Craving Cool

 

“Building Congregations around Art Galleries and Cafes as Spirituality Wanes”
Amy O’Leary, NY Times 12/29/12

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If we can’t have our megachurches, we’ll find another style that suits us.

Amy Leary’s recent article in the New York Times shows that the spirit and principles of the church growth movement are alive and well among evangelicals, even as the evangelical world and subculture they created continues to wane. Leary begins by pointing to a warehouse “church” that is “part of a wave of experimentation around the country by evangelicals to reinvent ‘church’ in an increasingly secular culture.” 

If I hadn’t seen those words just last week, I might have sworn this was a piece from the 1970’s or 80’s.

Read the article and note the catchwords the author picks up from those she interviews. It’s all about “marketing the church to millennials” and “connecting with the community” and “drawing more traffic” in venues and with approaches that will ostensibly appeal to those who are “spiritual but not religious.” In order to reach such people, the thinking goes, we too must appear spiritual but not religious and disguise our faith in “post-Christian” wrappings. “Many have even cast aside the words ‘church’ and ‘church service’ in favor of terms like ‘spiritual communities’ and ‘gatherings,’ with services that do not stick to any script,” she writes.

The article reinforces a suspicion I’ve always had about these kinds of approaches. Leary quotes Warren Bird, director of research for the Leadership Network: “For new leaders coming out of seminary, ‘the cool thing is church planting. The uncool thing is to go into the established church. Why that has taken over may speak to the entrepreneurialism and innovation that today’s generation represents.'”

Is it possible it might also speak to the fact that it’s way cooler to do the “cool” thing?

I spent the early part of my ministry serving in older, established churches. Many times, the music was old, the atmosphere decidedly “uncool,” the pace of change glacial, commitment to tradition strong, and there was precious little immediate gratification from regularly measurable “impact.”

One of those churches had a group of young leaders and their friends who became excited about the “seeker-sensitive” contemporary services a new church in the Chicago suburbs was using to reach their community (yes, that would be Willow Creek). It wasn’t long before they too were meeting in a movie theater, doing drama and contemporary music that they enjoyed. When I arrived a couple years later, they had eviscerated the traditional congregation, destroyed friendships and seriously damaged a neighborhood church ministry that had been there for generations. The new ministry grew largely through the transfer of Christian young people from traditional churches who decided to pursue what they liked — a more exciting, “cooler” religious experience.

Just listen to the words of Houston Clark, whose company “designs spaces and audio-visual systems for churches nationwide.” Catch the motivations inherent in the approach. “Every generation wants their own thing. Kids in their late 20s to midteens now, they really crave intimacy and authenticity. They want high-quality experiences, but don’t necessarily want them in huge voluminous buildings.”

For me, there’s the rub. We want our own thing. We crave the experiences we define as essential. We want them in the form and fashion that we denote as “high quality,” when and where we want them. I’ve observed that this is not only the mindset of the people we’re trying to reach, but it is often our “ministry” mindset as well. Why would anyone want to go to an old, boring, traditional church or ministry and be forced to deal with all the crap I don’t enjoy instead of having continual excitement and gratification in a cooler setting?

The entrepreneurial spirit that aims to satiate people’s craving for ever new experience is alive and well. We call it “ministry,” and it’s cool to be a part of it.

I don’t know. I always thought this ministry thing was about people and building relationships and sharing Christ together.

My Purpose Driven Life

 

purposeTo be honest, I really wasn’t listening that much to the message from our pastor on Sunday. That is, until he used the “P” word.

“Something something something, and to know God’s purpose for your life.”

Sigh. Here we go. Whenever most people talk about “God’s purpose for your life,” what they mean is what your vocation is to be, or—shudder—what your “ministry” is to be. Paul’s admonition to live a quiet life doing good is certainly not God’s purpose for my life, is it?  God wants to fulfill my dream and my destiny and …

You know the drill. God has a grand purpose and design for my life, one that has me as the center of the universe, and everything fitting just as it should for my ultimate good. Of course, we’ll call it my ministry, so that it sounds like I am actually doing something spiritual. The end result, however, is my happiness and personal gain. If not, then God’s purpose for my life hasn’t yet been fulfilled, and he had better get on the ball.

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Pete Enns: “Hey, Get Away from My Bible!“–Christian Appropriation of a Jewish Bible

Note from CM: Our friend Peter Enns gave permission to use the following piece, which was first published in January, 2009. Pete is currently on the faculty at Eastern University teaching courses in Old and New Testaments. His interests include Old Testament Theology, Biblical Theology, Wisdom Literature (esp. Ecclesiastes), the NT’s use of the OT, Second Temple literature, and the general issue of how ancient Scripture intersects with modern thought. I’m grateful that our readers will get the opportunity to hear some of his important contributions during this First Testament Month on IM.

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“Hey, Get Away from My Bible!” — Christian Appropriation of a Jewish Bible
by Peter Enns

A few days ago I received the following email from an agnostic reader of [my] website. The email is copied here in its entirety, with the permission of the sender. The question is direct, profound, and has been a nagging companion of Christianity since its beginning.

Since the Hebrew Bible (that you call OT) was written by Jews for Jews, and that obviously a large number of Jews did not follow Christianity and its appropriation of the Hebrew Bible, why should we trust a Christian interpretation of the Hebrew Bible instead of a Jewish interpretation?

I take this question with utmost seriousness, as I think all Christians should. It gets at the heart of several perennial issues in Christian theology, perhaps most importantly the NT’s use of the OT, which shows us the NT authors at work in articulating their understanding of the “connection” between the gospel and Israel’s Scripture. As I see it, this is really the heart of the matter. So, to rephrase the question, “Why should the first Christians’ claims about the OT (and how the gospel connects with it) have any merit in view of the fact that Christianity did not really take hold with Jews living at the time?” To put it yet another way, “Why should the Christian appropriation of the Hebrew Bible have any persuasive power, given that a larger number of Jews—whose Bible it was—rejected it?”

The basic answer, which I will try expand below, is this: We trust the first Christians in their interpretation of the OT, not so much because of how they interpreted it but because of the one whom they were proclaiming in their interpretation. That may not make much sense. It may even sound a bit odd, so let me try to explain.

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The Purpose of the First Testament

Destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian rule, Nuremburg Chronicles

Why did the Jews compile sacred books together and form a canon of Scripture known as the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh?

For what purpose did they put together what Christians have traditionally called the “Old Testament”?

I believe they brought the canon of the Hebrew Bible to completion, at the end of a long process, because of the theological crises raised by the Babylonian Exile.

The Purpose of the First Testament
The Hebrew Bible in its present form was edited and put together to remember how God called Israel to be his people and faithfully cared for them in the past, to explain how that relationship went bad, and to encourage the people that there was still hope for the future.

After 35 years in pastoral ministry and Biblical study, I’m convinced that many if not most Christians have a simplistic view of “The Bible” and how it came to us (if they even think about that question at all).

When we pastors and teachers talk to them about “The Law of Moses,” for example, most people imagine that the Pentateuch we have today — Genesis-Deuteronomy — was simply produced by Moses. He sat down and wrote some books, people read them, the priests taught them, and everybody knew “The Torah” in the same way that we know “The Bible” today. If Barnes & Noble had been around then, you could have walked into the store and picked up a copy of one of Moses’ books.

Of course, this is a child’s Sunday School view of Scripture. Even a passing knowledge of history and a cursory acquaintance with the Bible itself reveals that we are dealing with something much more complex and nuanced.

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2012 Post of the Year

Saints Peter and John Healing the Lame Man, Poussin

I have no authority to confer awards, but I’d like to give one today.

As I look back over 2012 and all that we wrote and received at Internet Monk, one particular post stands out. I, Chaplain Mike, did not write it. Nor did our gifted Abbott, Jeff Dunn. It was not produced by Martha, Lisa, Damaris, Craig, or any of the other talented writers we regularly employ to explore various topics. It was not written about a controversial topic, nor did it garner a large number of comments.

I simply found this post to be the most unique, insightful, and moving post I read all year, on this or any other website.

The post of which I speak was contributed by one of our regular readers and commenters. Her name is Beky, and on the internet she goes by the handle Tokah (or Tokah Fang).

Let me give a little background.

In May of 2011, I did a short series called, “Ask Chaplain Mike,” in which I gave readers a chance to submit questions that I would answer in public posts for the benefit of our readership. I was not prepared for one of the first questions I received. It came from Tokah. She wrote:

As a hospice chaplain, I’m sure you’ve gotten a question like this before. I think it also ties into the notion of vocation, so I’m eager to hear your thoughts.

A neurological illness somewhat less severe than ALS, but of the same kind, has ravaged my spinal cord, leaving me living life in a powerchair as I lose more ability every day. It has of course been challenging, but I have always had something I could do in response. I have relearned the most basic tasks in dozens of different ways, always regaining a good measure of independence. Traditionally I have started by studying what my elders in the field of disability of accomplished, what tools they used, what equipment and techniques were available, then putting in long hours of practice until I could manage the same. Living with a disability is something that one can be good at, and I have come to be that, as well as being capable of teaching what I know to new people who join the club.

About two years ago, the disease attacking my spine meandered out to have a go at my vagus nerve. In simplest explanation, the combination of progressive motor disability and damage to the nerves controlling my digestive system is slowly starving me. In Paul’s words, “the outer man is wasting away”, although I can attest that even in this, the inner man is indeed being renewed day by day! I am dying, though undramatically and not so fast I’m ready for my own hospice chaplain just yet. I became aware of the situation last fall, and the lack of options in my complicated situation this past winter.

Having had time to get past many of the emotional ramifications, I’m currently stuck at this one, where I finally get to my question: how do I be good at dying? I am confident in the assurance that Jesus won’t suddenly love me less for being cognitively impaired or less capable of outer piety, but I’d still like to run this section of the race well. What does that look like? I feel like I’m wasting precious time, but with my body and mind failing I can’t see any alternative. When you have six months or a year or two years to live, but such little capacity, what do you do in the meantime besides trying not to burden your family more than necessary?

Wow. What a question: “How do I be good at dying?” With fear and trembling, I gave her what counsel I could and wished her well. How pleased and surprised I was to find out later that an incredible wonder had taken place. Tokah wrote to tell me that she had received a medically inexplicable healing, which almost completely reversed the permanent damage her disease had caused. The underlying condition was still present, but its rate of progression was greatly slowed, giving her the happy prospect of many years of life to come. She wrote me and said, “So I’m praising the Lord and seizing the day.”

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